環境运动的宗师 - 莱斯特•布朗 Leister R. Brown

• 专访莱斯特•布朗：我从没有妖魔化中国（图）
  http://news.xinhuanet.com/herald/2005-04/22/content_2864415.htm
• 高速增长引发质疑 : 美专家称中国经济模式必须改变
• 莱斯特·R·布朗简历
• Must grasp grain first grasps water
  

专访美国地球政策研究所所长、《谁来养活中国》一书作者莱斯特·布朗

１０年前，美国人莱斯特·布朗因为撰写《谁来养活中国》一书遭到国内从官方到学界的一致抨击，成为西方散布“中国威胁论”的标竿式人物；10年后的今天，这位曾饱受争议的布朗教授不仅被摘去了“妖魔化中国”的帽子，而且成为了中国学术机构的“座上宾”，被聘为中国科学院名誉教授。同是一个人，同样的理论，唯一不同的是我们的态度和对于是非的评判标准……身为科学家的莱斯特·布朗似乎并没有被这180度的转变惊扰，只是一如既往地专注于他的研究

国际先驱导报驻华盛顿记者潘云召报道 　冷峻的面容，卷曲的头发，这就是许多中国人都不会感到陌生的莱斯特·布朗。衣着随意的布朗教授就在他的美国地球政策研究所里接受了《国际先驱导报》记者的专访。

“中国领导人开始重视我的问题”

《国际先驱导报》：您的许多研究都是与中国有关或者说以中国为案例和范本，这是出于您研究问题本身与发展中国家的天然联系，还是某种对中国的偏好？
　　 布朗：可以说两方面的原因都有。从发展中国家来说，中国很有代表性。如果想知道这些国家未来发展的情况，中国就是它们的一个样板。从专家分析的角度来看，中国有两点特别引人关注，其一是中国有１３亿人口，因此无论中国发生什么事情，都会对整个世界产生影响；其二是中国过去２５年来的高速经济发展，给其他发展中国家的未来发展提供了借鉴。尽管其他发展中国家的发展速度比较慢，但仍是朝着同一个方面前进，在这一点上，中国的发展对其他发展中国家来说具有特别的借鉴意义。
　　 《国》：您现在担任上海大学和中国科学院的荣誉教授，近年来还多次受到邀请到中国演讲。这样的转变使您对中国的看法是否发生了变化？是否会影响您的评价呢？
　　 布：我始终本着科学的态度去研究中国，将来也一如既往。一些人认为我以前是攻击中国，但那并不是《谁来养活中国》的用意，我的初衷是与中国和世界共享我认为是中国领导人应该了解的重要分析。最近１０年来，我对中国情况的总体看法没有什么大的变化，因为种种情况表明，中国现在仍面临着１０年前同样的问题：西部地区沙漠扩大，沙尘暴更频繁，地下水位下降，全球气候变暖等等。我在中国看到的情况是，中国领导人开始重视我研究、谈论过的一些问题，他们现在必须落实处理这些问题。中国政府对北方缺水的问题认识更加深刻，我对这种不断增强的意识感到鼓舞。
　　 《国》：您曾经在《谁来养活中国》一书中认为，中国将给世界粮食供给造成巨大影响，但去年中国实现了粮产的增长，您觉得这是一个好开端吗？同时中国开始大量进口粮食，您觉得这些都是发展趋势吗？
　　 布：去年中国政府出台了一系列激励措施，实现了粮产的增长，产量大约为３.５亿吨（１９９８年的３.９２亿吨是历史最高）。但主要的问题是中国能够保持这种增长趋势吗？我认为，最近几年中国粮食产量下降的趋势还会出现，因为很多用于种粮食的土地被用于非农建筑开发，北方很多地区正在失去浇灌用水，等等。从长期来看，中国会进口相当数量包括大米和玉米等在内的粮食，成为主要粮食进口国之一，中国粮食生产的长期趋势不太会受去年增产影响。

“西方工业化模式不适用于中国”

《国》：您在最近的一篇文章“汲取中国的经验教训：为什么西方经济模式并不适合于整个世界”中说西方模式不适用于世界，为什么？发展中国家的人民难道没有追求他们的“美国梦”的权利吗？
布：发展中国家当然有追求它们自己的“美国梦”的权利，但关键的问题在于依赖现在的经济模式这些国家不可能达到美国一样的消费水平。西方的模式不适用于中国，同样不适用于印度和生活在其他发展中国家。实际上，发展中国家提高生活水平的关键，是转变到以可再生能源为基础的经济模式。从“用后即弃”的经济模式转变为全面的可重复的、循环型的经济模式。
《国》：您对于中国现在的“新工业发展的模式”有什么评价呢？您的建议是什么？
布：中国经济发展模式中的最大弱点是这一模式本质上与西方工业化的模式一样。人类面临的真正挑战是调整包括中国、美国在内的整个世界的经济结构，使得发展能够继续下去，而现在的技术能够帮助人们做到这一点。在一些领域如电信方面，中国实现了飞跃，成为全球领导者。美国有２亿部固定电话，全部依靠铜线相互联接，而中国基本上跨越了美国式的固定电话的发展阶段，进入了无线通信时代。现在中国的手机用户是美国的两倍，节省了大量的固定电话方面的基础设施投资，跨越了整整一个发展阶段。
中国在能源、交通方面也应该采取像电信业一样的发展模式，实现“飞跃”。但不幸的是，中国仍在继续投资属于“过去时代”的能源，如煤等，而煤在一些国家特别是欧洲国家正在淘汰，这些国家开始使用风能、天然气等取代煤。中国有丰富的风能，可以容易地加以利用，仅用风能就可以使电力供应翻番。

链接：莱斯特·布朗
他被《华盛顿邮报》誉为“世界上最有影响的一位思想家”。印度加尔各答《电讯报》称他为“环境运动的宗师”。布朗1934年3月28日出生于美国新泽西州。在中学和大学时期，和弟弟开始经营西红柿农场。1955年获得农业科学学士学位后，到印度农村生活了6个月。1959年，就职于美国农业部国际农业局，做过农业部部长的国际农业政策顾问。1974年，他创办了从事全球环境问题分析的地球政策研究所。80年代，他出版名著《建设一个可持续发展的社会》,对可持续发展观首次做了系统阐述。1995年出版了《谁来养活中国》一书，引起中国重视。

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莱斯特·R·布朗简历

　　莱斯特·R·布朗被《华盛顿邮报》誉为“世界上最有影响的一位思想家”。印度加尔各答《电讯报》称他为“环境运动的宗师”。布朗1934年3月28日出生于美国新泽西州。在中学和大学时期，和弟弟开始经营西红柿农场。1955年从拉特格斯大学获得农业科学学士学位后不久，到印度农村生活了6个月。1959年，就职于美国农业部国际农业局。

　　布朗曾获得马里兰大学农业经济硕士学位（1959年）和哈佛大学公共管理硕士学位（1962年）。1964年，他成为美国农业部部长奥维尔?弗里曼的国际农业政策顾问。1966年，开始担任国际农业发展处主任。1969年初，他离开农业部，协助建立海外发展理事会。

　　1974年，布朗创办了从事全球环境问题分析的世界观察研究所。25年前，他率先提出环境上可持续发展的概念，并用于他所架构的生态经济。他作为世界观察研究所的创办者和前任所长而闻名。他于1984年创刊的《世界现状》年度报告，目前已经有30多种文字的版本。被誉为全球环境运动的《圣经》。1988年，他又创办了《世界观察》双月刊，发表世界观察研究所的研究文章。

　　1971年，世界观察研究所以布朗等著的《拯救地球：如何形成环境上可持续的全球经济》一书领头，开始出版“环境警示丛书”。1992年，他创办了一种新的年度报告：《重要征象：塑造未来的趋势》。他的早期著作，主要有《人、土地和粮食》（1963），《增加世界粮食产量》（1965），《变化的苗头》（1970），《没有疆界的世界》（1972），《为了人类的利益》（1974），《仅仅是面包》（与他人合作，1974，获克里斯托弗奖），《第二十九天》（1978，获Ecologia Firenze奖），《凭空跃进（Running on Empty）》（与他人合作，1979），《建立可持续发展的社会》（1981），《人满为患》（与他人合作，1994），《谁将供应中国粮食？》（1995）《面临全球粮食短缺挑战的艰难抉择》（1996），《超越马尔萨斯：人口挑战的十九个方面》（与他人合作，1999）等。

　　 他于2001年5月创办地球政策研究所并担任所长。11月，出版了《生态经济：有利于地球的经济构想》，哈佛大学教授、两次普利策奖得主威尔逊称赞此书“一出版就成为经典”。布朗于2003年又推出一本力作——《B模式：拯救地球 延续文明》。

　　 地球政策研究所是非营利性的跨学科研究组织，其宗旨是提供环境上可持续发展的经济——生态经济的构想，从目前经济模式转向生态经济的途径，并且不断地对我们是否朝着这个方向发展进行评估。

　　他获得了国内和国外的22个荣誉学位，著作或与他人合著有47本书、19种专论和不计其数的文章。他是美国麦克阿瑟天才学术奖的获得者，并且获得其他许多奖金和奖章，其中包括1997年的联合国环境奖，1989年的世界自然基金会金奖， 1994年的日本蓝色星球奖。在马奎斯：《名人录》（Who’s Who）发行第15版之际，莱斯特?布朗被选为50位杰出美国人之一。

DETAILED BIOGRAPHY OF LESTER R. BROWN

The Washington Post called Lester Brown "one of the world's most influential thinkers." The Telegraph of Calcutta refers to him as "the guru of the environmental movement." In 1986, the Library of Congress requested his personal papers noting that his writings "have already strongly affected thinking about problems of world population and resources."

Brown started his career as a farmer, growing tomatoes in southern New Jersey with his younger brother during high school and college. Shortly after earning a degree in agricultural science from Rutgers University in 1955, he spent six months living in rural India where he became intimately familiar with the food/population issue. In 1959 Brown joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service as an international agricultural analyst.

Brown earned masters degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Maryland and in public administration from Harvard. In 1964, he became an adviser to Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman on foreign agricultural policy. In 1966, the Secretary appointed him Administrator of the department's International Agricultural Development Service. In early 1969, he left government to help establish the Overseas Development Council.

In 1974, with support of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Lester Brown founded the Worldwatch Institute, the first research institute devoted to the analysis of global environmental issues. While there he launched the Worldwatch Papers, the annual State of the World reports, World Watch magazine, a second annual entitled Vital Signs: The Trends That are Shaping Our Future, and the Environmental Alert book series.

Brown has authored or coauthored 49 books. One of the world's most widely published authors, his books have appeared in some 40 languages. Among his earlier books are Man, Land and Food, World Without Borders, and Building a Sustainable Society. His 1995 book Who Will Feed China? challenged the official view of China's food prospect, spawning hundreds of conferences and seminars.

In May 2001, he founded the Earth Policy Institute to provide a vision and a road map for achieving an environmentally sustainable economy. In November 2001, he published Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth, which was hailed by E.O. Wilson as "an instant classic." He followed this in 2003 with another path-breaking book, Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble.

He is the recipient of many prizes and awards, including more than 20 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems." In 2003, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Italy and appointed an honorary professor at the University of Shanghai.

高速增长引发质疑
美专家称中国经济模式必须改变

和讯网 (2005-05-08)

　　美国地球政策研究所所长莱斯特·布朗曾被《华盛顿邮报》评为“世界上最有影响的思想家”。11年前，他就中国的粮食问题发表了《谁来养活中国》的文章，引起世界的关注。最近，他又发表了新的论文《从中国吸取教训》，就高速发展的中国经济模式提出了新的质疑。他认为，“如果美国之梦在中国实现，将可能是全球的恶梦”。近日，本报就此问题对布朗进行了专访。

　　对中国的研究将是有冲击力的

　　记者：你曾提出过“谁来养活中国”的问题，为什么现在又提出对中国经济发展模式的质疑?是因为你目前研究重点的转变，还是你认为现在提出这个问题的迫切性在增加?

　　布朗：是因为后者。目前，中国对一些基本资源如煤炭、钢材、粮食的消费已经超过了美国，而且，这种抛弃型经济对资源的大规模消耗并不只是中国的问题，比如，印度的人口将在2031年超过中国；而那些已经实现工业化的国家如果继续保持现有的模式将令地球不堪重负。现有的经济模式无法满足可持续的经济进步，对这一点我们认识得越早，世界就会越好。

　　记者：既然你认为这是一个紧迫的、全球性问题，为什么你会选择中国作为提出发展模式问题的对象，而不是印度或其他发展中国家，或者是已经实现工业化的发达国家?

　　布朗：这是一个很好的问题。我之所以选择中国作为研究的对象，有三方面原因，一是因为中国是一个快速发展的国家，到2031年的时候，中国的人均收入将达到现在美国的人均水平；二是因为中国是一个非常庞大的经济体，它的发展与变化将对世界产生显著的影响；三是因为中国目前是一个备受世界关注的国家，对中国的研究将是有冲击力的。

　　记者：根据你的假设，2031年将是全世界能源、资源以及食品出现短缺的时候。你认为中国是否应该现在就做出一个政策性的重大转变，还是逐步地向这个方向调整?

　　布朗：答案是中国必须现在就开始改变。很多事情如果从开始就采取不同的方法，就可以实现一个跨越性的结果。比如，中国在20世纪90年代传统电话还未普及的时候，就开始发展无线通讯业，其结果是中国的通讯业直接进入到了手机时代。我再给你举一个例子，欧洲正在大力发展风能技术，目前欧洲有4千万人口在享用风力带来的电能，而到2020年的时候，欧洲将有1．95亿人口能够受到风能的惠及，欧洲已经成为风力时代的领军者。而中国的风力资源远远比欧洲大得多，所以，中国有条件而且应该从现在就开始这种经济发展模式的转变。

　　转变发展模式不会导致经济衰退

　　记者：如果中国全面转变其现有的经济模式，比如放弃汽车工业，那么会不会造成与之相关的一系列产业都受到影响，从而使中国整个经济的发展出现停滞甚至倒退?

　　布朗：放弃现在的发展模式确实是一个重大转变，但它并不意味着经济要出现衰退。我们必须要注意到一个事实：早在2000年的时候，全球自行车的产量就达到1．01亿辆，大大高于当时4100万辆的汽车产量。而在半个世纪前，人们曾普遍认为汽车的产量将会很快超出自行车，但是环境问题的日益恶化遏制了汽车快速增长的前景。在荷兰的哥本哈根，有三分之一的人口骑自行车上下班，而且使用自行车的人数还会继续增长，因为哥本哈根的城市规划者将在今后15年内连续每年增加3%的停车费、加收高额燃油税以及汽车登记费。从全球发展的角度看，现有的传统汽车模式并不是一个可持续发展的工业。目前，一些汽车工业发达的国家比如美国、日本已经在开发油电混合汽车，目前在美国市场上就有三款这样的汽车：丰田PRIUS、本田INSIGHT以及本田油电混合版的CIVIC。这已经成为美国汽车业发展的趋势。所以，如果中国要发展汽车业，也应该放弃传统的汽车模式，直接发展油电混合型汽车，而不是走美国已经在抛弃的老路。

　　记者：你在最近的文章中提到了解决当前问题的B方案，即发展太阳能、水电、风能，所有材料循环使用，考虑零排放等。在未来26年的时间里，这一计划有可能实现吗?

　　布朗：只要我们现在努力，就一定能够实现。还是以欧洲为例，欧洲在利用了大多数陆地上的风能后，已经开始考虑发展海上风能。2004年一项对于欧洲风能的评估显示，如果欧洲在开发巨大的海上风能方面做出更多的努力，到2020年时，风能将会满足全部欧洲地区居民的生活用电。另一方面，我们必须看到的是，现在大量使用化石能源比如煤炭的一个重要考虑是开采成本比较低，但是，随着技术的发展，风能电力的成本已经大幅下降，20世纪80年代时，美国风能电力每千瓦小时38美分，但现在已降到了4美分。相反，随着煤炭资源的减少，开采的成本反而成上升趋势。所以，无论从资源的蕴含量和开发成本计算，B方案都是可行的。

　　记者：你为中国的发展提出了这么多问题，这些问题也同样引起了中国官方和学者的关注，那么，你觉得中国目前在改善和解决这些问题方面做的如何呢?

　　布朗：我很高兴看到我曾提出的一些问题受中国政府及学者的重视。据我了解，许多中国领导人曾阅读过我出版的上一本书《超负荷的地球》，那本书是讲粮食安全、气候变暖等问题。目前，中国已经开始重视国家的可持续发展，政府也开始投入更多的资金来保护和改善环境以及开发新的能源。但是，中国还需要而且有可能在这方面做得更好。

　　记者：你提出了中国、第三世界崛起将会造成全球能源、粮食和资源的紧缺，这会不会在发达国家引起恐慌，从而采取措施来扼制中国以及其他第三世界国家的发展?

　　布朗：这是不太可能的。现在的世界已经是一个互相交融的世界，中国是美国大笔国债的持有者，美国的经济繁荣有赖于中国的繁荣。转换经济发展模式是全球性的责任，在这个问题上，国与国之间是一种共赢或共输的关系，合作并寻求出路是解决问题的惟一方法。

Must grasp grain first grasps water
Leicester. Braun discusses raises the water use factor

Leicester - R - Braun resume (See more about Braun)

On February 3rd, " surpasses the Earth load-bearing capacity in the American Earth policy research institute conference hall hold: Subsoil water level drop and the temperature rise time, the grain safely faces the challenge " at the new book release conference, the world renowned environment expert, the Earth policy studies manager Leicester. Braun said: " Excessively extracts the ground water meets now the grain production need, will threaten the future grain production."

He said: " Since 1950, the world economics has grown 6 times, the humanity demand surpassed the Earth provides the grain, the water and the daily daily necessity for the humanity can the load bearing ability. Now, ever was the Minister of Agriculture has jurisdiction the scope the grain security problem is more complex than the previous generation, often the energy department made the decision, the decision which made compared to Ministry of Agriculture has a more tremendous influence. Water resources department formulation policy, also may directly affect the grain production and the grain price. Day by day reduces in the average per person gain irrigation water under the situation, the health minister and family plan committee director to the future grain security influence, will be possibly bigger than the Minister of Agriculture."

By Leicester? Braun composes " surpassed Earth load-bearing capacity " one book states: " The very many countries at present all the trouble has ' the Japanese syndrome '. Because some national rapid industrialization, while enhance the productivity, causes the cultivated area to reduce, the grain import greatly increases. Within several ten years, the very many countries basic are self-sufficient from the original grain, turn must import 70% above the grain." Braun said, he is called above phenomenon " the Japanese syndrome ", is because he first sees this a series of events in Japan occurrence. In 1955, the Japanese grain achieved the maximum production rate, its grain was self-sufficient. But because Japan's industrialization is too quick, now the grain demand 70%% depends on the import. Thinks for this Braun, the developing nation industrialization step not suitable is too quick.

In increases grain yield aspect Braun suggests, the various countries should increase the crops duplicate kind of area, plants 两茬 or 两茬 the above crops on together the land. This need change agriculture research plan, encourages the development promotion crops precocious technology, like this may accelerate harvests the first stubble crops and the acceleration plants the second stubble crops.

Is enhancing the agricultural water suggests using aspect Braun, may use the crops is remaining, like the wheat, the paddy rice straw stalk and the corn stem produces food. India is using the wheat, the paddy rice straw stalk raising milch cow aspect, is at the world leading position. China in use crops straw stalk raising domestic animal, then production more milks and meats aspect, also is extremely advanced. Braun emphasizes, the city should develop the water 再循环 use industry. Now, has started the industrialization 再循环 use water from Malaysian purchase water Singapore, reduces to enters the saliva the dependence.

Braun thinks, the increase use may regenerate the energy, reduces the mineral energy consumption, then slows down the temperature rise, also can increase the grain yield. The modern wind power generation is born to above century 80's in California, but the present USA'S wind power generation ability only has 6400000 kilowatts, far falls behind to Europe, for example Germany on has only had 14600000 kilowatts winds electricity ability. Starts the wind power generation when in California, 每度 the wind electricity cost is 38 cents, but at present in some big wind electric fields, 每度 the wind electricity has fallen to 4 cents, some long-term supplies wind electricity contracts, sign 约价 only are 每度 3 cents. The European wind can the association plan, to 2020, the majority wind electric field wind electricity cost can fall to 每度 the electricity 2 cents, uses the mineral energy to generate electricity the cost also is lower than.

Braun said: " Future the grain safely will be decided by the stable 4 important agricultural resources: Cultivated land, water, zoology and botany distribution and Earth climate system." Braun thinks, USA has at present produced the steam 车用燃料 ethyl alcohol with the corn. In 2004, USA harvests 278000000 tons corn, 30000000 tons corn use for to make the ethyl alcohol, the corn which the production ethyl alcohol consumes may support 100000000 people. At present, Canada and China all uses the corn manufacture ethyl alcohol. But these countries should pay attention, when corn production cost rise, the ethyl alcohol factory possibly can encounter goes out of business. Likes when in 1996 the grain price suddenly rose, American very multipurpose corn production ethyl alcohol factory in abundance goes out of business same.

Soon finishes when in the new book release conference, Braun tells newspaper reporter, he visits Beijing from on this March 20th to 23rd, at the appointed time, he will travel together with China discusses the grain security and the water resources reasonable application question. (Technical daily paper open Meng Jun in American reporter)
(The editor pours: Leicester. Braun once was appointed world resources research institute manager, published some related our country water resources and the grain production aspect article.)

Leicester - R - Braun resume

Leicester - R - Braun by " the Washington Post " the reputation is " in the world the most influential one thinker ". The Indian Calcutta " telecommunication newspaper " calls he is " the environment movement master of great learning and integrity ". Braun on March 28th, 1934 was born to the American New Jersey state. In the middle school and the university time, starts with the younger brother to manage the tomato farm. In 1955 obtained the agricultural 科学学士 degree after the Rutgers university soon, to Indian village life 6 months. In 1959, took office to the American Ministry of Agriculture international agriculture bureau.

Braun once obtained the Maryland University agricultural economy master's degree (in 1959) with the Harvard University public management master's degree (in 1962). In 1964, he became American Ministry of Agriculture Minister Orville? 弗里曼 international agricultural policy consultant. In 1966, started to hold the post of international agricultural development place director. At the beginning of 1969, he left Ministry of Agriculture, assisted to establish the overseas development council.

In 1974, Braun organized is engaged in the global environment problem analysis the world observation research institute. 25 years ago, he takes the lead to propose in the environment may continue the concept which develops, and uses in his overhead construction ecology economy. He and predecessor manager is well-known as the world observation research institute's origination. He began publication " world present situation " in 1984 the annual report, at present already had 30 many kinds of writing the editions. By the reputation is the global environment movement " Holy Bible ". In 1988, he organized " world observation " again the bimonthly issue, the publication world observation research institute's research article.

In 1971, world observation research therefore Braun and so on " saves the Earth: How forms the global economy which in the environment may continue " one book takes the lead, starts to publish " the environment police shows the collection ". In 1992, he organized one kind of recent annual report: " Importantly drafts the elephant: Will mold the future the tendency ". His early work, mainly has " person, land and grain " (1963), " increase world grain yield " (1965), " change symptom of a trend " (1970), " does not have border world " (1972), " for humanity's benefit " (1974), " merely is bread " (cooperates with other people, 1974, win the Kerry Stoffer prize), " 29th days " (1978, attain Ecologia the Firenze prize), " baseless leap forward (Running on Empty)" (cooperate with other people, 1979), " establishment may continue society which develops " (1981), " Is fully occupied " (cooperates with other people, 1994), " who will supply the Chinese grain?" (1995)" faced with global grain short challenge difficult choice " (1996), " surmounts Malthus: The population challenge 19 aspects " (cooperate with other people, 1999) and so on.

He organizes the Earth policy research institute in May, 2001 and holds the post of manager. In November, published " the ecology economy: Is advantageous to Earth's economical conception ", Harvard University professor, two 普利 whips prize new owner Wilson commends this book " one publication becomes the classics ". Braun promotes one strength again in 2003 does - " the B pattern: Saves the Earth continues the civilization ".

The Earth policy research institute right and wrong seek to make a profit cross discipline research organization, its objective is provides the economical - ecology economy conception which in the environment may continue to develop, changes the ecology economy from the present economical pattern the way, and unceasingly to us whether faces this direction develops carries on the appraisal.

He obtained domestic and the overseas 22 honors degree, the work or gathers with the other people is having 47 books, 19 monographs and the countless article. He is the American Macarthur talent academic prize winner, and obtained other many bonuses and the medal, including 1997 the United Nations environment prize, 1989 world natural foundation gold prize, 1994 Japanese blue color star prize. In Marquis: " Celebrity collection " (Who ' s Who) distributes the 15th edition border, Leicester? Braun is elected is one 50 outstanding Americans.

DETAILED BIOGRAPHY OF LESTER R. BROWN

The Washington Post called Lester Brown " one of the world's most influential thinkers. " The Telegraph of Calcutta refers to him as " the guru of the environmental movement. " In 1986, the Library of Congress requested his personal papers noting that his writings " have already strongly affected thinking about problems of world population and resources. "

Brown started his career as a farmer, growing tomatoes in southern New Jersey with his younger brother during high school and college. Shortly after earning a degree in agricultural science from Rutgers University in 1955, he spent six months living in rural India where he became intimately familiar with the food/population issue. In 1959 Brown joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service as an international agricultural analyst.

Brown earned masters degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Maryland and in public administration from Harvard. In 1964, he became an adviser to Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman on foreign agricultural policy. In 1966, the Secretary appointed him Administrator of the department's International Agricultural Development Service. In early 1969, he left government to help establish the Overseas Development Council.

In 1974, with support of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Lester Brown founded the Worldwatch Institute, the first research institute devoted to the analysis of global environmental issues. While there he launched the Worldwatch Papers, the annual State of the World reports, World Watch magazine, a second annual entitled Vital Signs: The Trends That are Shaping Our Future, and the Environmental Alert book series.

Brown has authored or coauthored 49 books. One of the world's most widely published authors, his books have appeared in some 40 languages. Among his earlier books are Man, Land and Food, World Without Borders, and Building a Sustainable Society. His 1995 book Who Will Feed China? challenged the official view of China's food prospect, spawning hundreds of conferences and seminars.

In May 2001, he founded the Earth Policy Institute to provide a vision and a road map for achieving an environmentally sustainable economy. In November 2001, he published Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth, which was hailed by E.O. Wilson as " an instant classic. " He followed this in 2003 with another path-breaking book, Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble.

He is the recipient of many prizes and awards, including more than 20 honorary degrees, a MaC$arthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his " exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems. " In 2003, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Italy and appointed an honorary professor at the University of Shanghai.