j v z 坻ϥK
j ꪺv ( ùyڦa 㻮 ) ퟀ s㨤ȪjNvAv ܾEA ƪy欻PۿĨ㦳|h@ΡC
: j|
j O~ 36ꤧ@AOjNWnq泼ϯë , Ӧb36ꤤ , g M ̬oFC
Ϥ@
: a
ϼ j ùy_襩AanU AxpBi~B CUeDB\JLA ~ nsC
ڥvѰO , b椽e@⥬ , e176 ~ذ , dF_j , j , nܪ s
, _쫢K ; O caaϤ@ C e aퟆ , ϲκ٬ , sxs , , ȦL , תi
, , _DΪFn ; گUqh? ťHF , ںؤHna , ϥDnOsæC TQꤧ@ b vRxWuDF|
, ʦ~ , Kb|@O ? ⩤jaܤ@C jO 곣 , bùy詤 , d~j , TS]
, 䦫FT , y , O⬤Ѩa OH ?
O @䑚ӶդOjja , ꮵۦW ꡦ , Hf@U|襤d , hLTdC
O ꩹H@Ӥjw , ߫ثv , Hg p꺺w̻٦ӧΦa , ꮥЯbgwW
, ~eHw~AѬD , pƯbC _Ow?sP𤻫n s쳥 , OiJ𨽤 ag , nxퟒ@
, ΥO笵n_ 'äf , OnR çF㪦 q C o̻EFUꪺϪ , ̰ӤH , i cӷ~ ,
ʦ]ꪺ , , , , ] _ , 잂OqL i , 乚Hq泫D`cf , g `cza
, F M륩u !C\hӶgLnbo̥ , 𮧷 Qs , x ퟀ , QCȱ`~_
, »yr妦bo̥y次C o ]O~ iJ YC
G
: m
bC@ , Ng k , 𥸬ݨ H? _ , MP n , y ФPn
, uOeëDUjy ! FQʫn_¥H , P_µFpht , LnuLqvꥮѤWF ?
⤼ j}Oѷ I.aE塻w~o{AoO~e sC@jNWϯëM Ʀey欪XI¡A @@ɦU jBvB Ƶ譱Ǫ̩ `C@ ퟚA^HꤴZ]B饻H Wb ퟖBXj Q媫APϼ Xgjq媫b^B꡷ BkBwBꡤ饻aꮡC~ܤAڰ ҥjMab a L㺂C
I.a. 廮w , @ӥHq DazǮa , 1900~Kun覦bùy賡I ,
%L^긱 Qɪ}Jb^ SY﹚ , ɹJWɰgV , 覦bg~㤤o{FI \h媫a - jC ].
廮wLoⳮyjso{ , FŰʥ@ , ɥ@H٤ F e , ]eè (b褸e 87 ~ùj , s⤧
) ]OIΤF1600h~~dL , b1784 ~Q}F| , ΥOyNjQ , {ǴW , ƥ_a omk ¤sùjC
1980~5 , W a^[b y , oyjXWƪCW IaE¶bMFjbӤ
, 1996~bùyFz ŤF , A jKdC
ϤT : E¶
1901Ӧ~.廮wbFzFt@yjoXj QʦܫeDɴj~ ²Mݯ , Ȥ@PXg ]ʿc C]ʿcO嬧ڰs ̦ejr妤@
, FyOjLQwy_襤訥 , Ob佤@ ퟛL ey , yJsjaϡC ]coퟗ{vWHOZ]
. @^쭰 jǮa , b1904~M1914 ~ o , @ ]ʿc 48 C
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@ao{]ퟖcy廨, O Lצ_襤訥 , t\hgۻy] , 1jN tMay檺@ػy
R yC2 4ퟀ@ , yPퟛW n qﲏλyΩvХλyC
ҥjǮab jMùyaϵoXjq媫 , 䤤]As۾ɥN۩ Y , ퟋ ,
, ɾ , | ~Cbo{HʥN 굦 M~A3̬öQ ; r , Ȥ۵o ߤ@, Gʦ~ , wHrȦ
,C ʦ~ CA,OHhرm⪺u , ĥέgn´yk , ´yX m Ϯת@ذŵ´~CF~XgA& A
, * A , 1|楮IQ A , ~A , 3A , 7V縯A5 ; 3N , OH ۡCUؤ M
, O a³شөMB骺p , \h M U¥N~ , ϬMXӦaPg W cC
Ϥ : A
%t@jo{O f , O~ ퟒ v꺧fjϤH Cھڤwo{ҥj , ioQퟞʮɴf v鲬OQîʨ ΪvjN e}ﰦa
, Ӽ OQîʨ v鲪vҦbaC
o~躬~~ ² , ɾ , , 쾹 , M , ~ݤ ; Qʮɴj~ ²
, Υj , ´~ , ´~ , ֭~C
Ϥ
ϤC
ҥju@ ٦b soXF@kʤD줥A졸gwZ椵w3000~AFͦ繢A㡭زMqAwW kCퟖOsn
, @̤Q, lӦy , ֽeŦ , YvO=Ŧ , ̻{oj㥫ͨ㦳jNQwHتSx , ̥ͫe3OjN@ ƥqڪkC溤`~ b|Q夦ܥ|Q
, ӸΨOݥޤg|C
ϤK : k
uퟖF~ӥj Y*R , ~ O[HتL - תI ; Ǫ̻{oqڬOjɴd@}亪yF誺LڤHjC[dH
(إպؤH) 'G w , M_DCt~beU H } , o{F 艮wOa , sퟖ
, CɮɥNܺ~Ne , t ퟆ , ִ˪L \vF 40%C졥OeyMG , ;kkwCjNùyH (ϤE
) , O@ ƥq , ڦl쩪b~ , na V ( ) ~ (æ , ϳ) , ; ͷ|Τs , ίzMZ s´Mu@˭C
L䥤媫 ~˿BQ B N B~M ]c 內Cq ²夺e , ݽdj,O Qퟀɴ
, f v ݩxM٥бNhҮѼg ״ݥ, ٥ШưȩMhLWUݥ , eyVM}b O奡C]ʿc g M
, ϥΤFּƥqڤr , 妤ϬMF j Ȧ~ , ڤ]jNּƥq , ڥL̤@_bͬ , @P}oo wC
~~³q D , @Xɪ NL( , _D@g , @g , ퟗK
, u~F , hF , nq sM QA , } CYg , I , Li Ci ퟚXϦ , }PŤFF q
, P ~P jjܱ 쪺] ͿEPC褸e108~~AFꤼ ,
O@ųoD , ~ Ig , ]xv , ٥оnL , aӤF a caC Ѱ HӦI~ﺤ ¯
, ٶ}ݤ _æ , f OQ ퟎ , Q NퟏwC~ZҥѦIbB ٯǪeU , s x ,
, wajWҤپ , ho ת~ZaC~Fvŭɤ٥ЩҦ , b ﹚xƦ C~b ٥ , ХD[ƤWOnѨMni
, HΥ[j 쪺ı , [Woﵮi , SOO𨽤 aw 䒶A~ , [֦ vC
ϴɦj³ܪW - F~~vjճeQ @u{ , jᤥФT~KnߦʸU ,
Niפj , MӥͺA Ҫ}aìOi , uꤵ{yFճeU _y , jQo ; , wj D}دF
, ID , ܦFFCMQ PyšC
] O H _O ?
kɯ , ƨҦp V
(@) , @ }lIz , _ aJI , } , Q C
(G) , Ac , ퟒWe媤QI D , H̤o }a C
顶𨽤e쪥 1321 , Oڰ ꤺe , ]O@ɲĤGje , b e㺚ݡCb1000hWa妬q
, Ѱ곣V𨽤e쪭n , ̫}e , ޤ aퟒCEj𨽤e쪪eɶVӶV , uJLj a溤`C
(T) P yn_岾 , .廮w{ , ùyn_岾glO1500 ~kC 3000h~e@ wHسͬb a
, 1500h~e AiJczaɥN , oMùy岾 YC
ڦҥjǮa _Aj B𭡴ӪcmZC~Qîɴ jùyNbj } A _坪ePnڪeפJ eAMgḮw|JeAb j_`JùyAùy |F C
jgOH̥ͮcmlֶC顦o ϪiE ùyAoe ퟀMeyAH̦bѪiWxஷAbZKJL y¡AH̦bNDۤj۵MC硾ڡmg`nOAF~HꥫAᡥѩ ퟏ ퟀe쪤媺` eD﹡AɭP YퟀCתpDzvL1000HӨ ASlT赽BjϡBt/T Lh3000HAީ] _` eޤiJ w F x Cb约A HCeD@XF̤jתVOMxաA j̲ ٬O]_¤ oFC
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ϤQ : ùy
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Ĭpj襧LSqscyBʨӸ yEAѩ ퟏ aUa cyBퟓ{ŪGA]ӼvTŨ beɻPys0tAɤճeP euC즧JeVn`JnùyAɫhVFgw|J`J_ùyA] eUe媹Dg` ܡAy] Hn_EFC
t@kDnۤ , ̬OH ү}aû L̻{H];P7| ҪvTŬO I`HܴSn]즡A
ùyuObHBUA䡤~ ܤFi{C zѬOAùyO aCBA iO짳BhCpƤ*RA InB
o 3000~蒏@nAyIn@αq_¡C P AQퟋ߰wpKšA kC
T]`J|y AqL Ao촿VX̥~h C30 ~NAHퟋiH iඤJùyA50~NA i yCuOHub VWퟒ_Fj lw A ٯP1972~Ӥ~䦥ܡGù F̫᪺@{AwgƧ@@ӰU C
hǪ̦PNOѩ eD , 𨽤e _y , \ , ܾ \ , ퟂХͲLki
, j楫{f`¯ , ٤H̬ͦs , Ms䷪Cѩhùyi , gv縭h , FgJn , ̲ QFgTSC
(|) D
vWA뵒uùy_MճeGDO̦}PŪ; O elFvBg B ߡAFqסA_襨j첯ϡBLpAn諨Y쭪ʡBBCjNnB_Dq DA ̤sĤA@Ȧ{q泼ϯë AbF y欤A_Ln@ΡC
P_D}PŦ V gLK , R|f_D}q , gḹL FzDQo
CSΪ̬OIQvXFa , , qjϪѤs nSĹDvN DC
() H L}o[tùy`
H yUvTšAbߪ iHVVjCM O Ww s C jإߦb toFճeUT夨wAo̴ cmZJ ]C
, fbùyaϤjq , JL ퟂ C~ Hb y vyF10hU jAL̬ \h MퟂAoL÷| ퟓt@ΡC
ϤQ@ : ùya
μ }
ퟗQG : }
{s }̤j@yj ( o[ ) eWh AC 330 , nb108000孤 HWCݯ}xpŪ
( QT) Bi~ ( ϤQ|) BĪ||BX , Ӧӥjwkӧ~CgL d~kA wퟆ}Aq{s_«̵}i 쪺WҡA _ wzҦiCbl |PAjq٬WM OAӲ{bүਣ쪺Aul FnLBݷlɭ˪Ыο ;
ퟋ | ۫γM !C
ϤQT
ϤQ|
ϤQ : j
j{ݦsulUj MퟋWTСC ퟋ10E̡A~PjNLת BퟋY@P , Oѩ^Mwm QMg
, H UkC A 19.5 A𨭬W , ΥΤg BJ h | Cg , iw
, ݵLk C jN h~䩥dw}lH , ퟖo OjNsæaϱL Fퟋ̦aϤ@C
ϤQ :
j 㲴ؿv , O~TС, ̤@իؿvЫΤy , CۤTA_«n , F , ٦U@
, @Ӥps , nCo㤤TЬOߤ@ϥΤg 䦨CիؿvF ` 12.5 , ̫n_?
8.5 C{ФŵL@ , F ݪЫγO쵲c , b}aiHݨ즳\h j CbTЩP۲hjJOA oصWҧjAGOﬥjxũҦbaC
ϤQC : T
бI_Fg ~D ퟖvBG OsoD`A㡫賡MnO~ } , OĥΤȰa `cvk
, O 𬥪zMh K CX䒻 , M ֩ί|s÷lj[T ΦA ߤgkC賡ؿvOѤ@yyv|զ
, v|eU , Ƥ , [ Mv챦!CnؿvWOѤ@ƺK p , 涡ж@ۤ@ , M|Ci~j oXJ
; iLB B⸨_i~|PC
bjF|lx AxퟋϡA谼hO~pϡCq TС Uťj|PA iHݥXP ajeDA̤j@jeD깥Ѧ_襦VFnӹLC Aj~n_U@e 㱪LAOnxH॥ͦsC
A̦ҹHb FjNeD? , ybvWT佹]ꤵoLh ʡC
bZd , iHݨ즨JꭷL , J w\h , DFOd , \JLƦC桷~𨽤e쪩MճeU
, b妬yVùy , ɦbj ~Ʊ yyL , ~e , ~ a ӬO@ӤQ, RwC
On٥а , ϪF~ɡAפH yLƤdA _e AjФT~AnʸUAªA~ꡨCӲ{bAh楡AOo ҵLaC HuzѤFɮ С|Ӧr6qCڱMa*RoǶ ζAΦ_1000h~eCb Xg媫Ao{F@ɤW̦O@Ŵ˪LkOAWwG@头ʭJ@@ YC瑩o轷 NOz AɪH̴Nwg{ F줫O@Ŵ˪LnʡAOAަpAѤ_eɲJA롪eyD﹡A _A ퟀOܧ֦aѺw ퟆzAϼ HEXL̥@NͬgaA ta caVFI`C
22~eAҥjǮabZճeƨaA衵o{F3800~e Ӹ, ۦW kKퟖao{CNӸئӶΦApO ~~baH̹ RCPɪ 3800~eAo ND`zAJOz𬤧a Dn AoퟃӸΦiHĦa_쨾TF@ΡAO@ŹӸCӹӸHjq N 𤦳yABJ䤤iHݨ@줲ղեΤCh,
ѲӦӲʪJ P߶ A|쮲ʹF30l ̡C
٬ӶӦaAOѤ_qBݹӸc ~|g宪Ӷ^ƴObaWCӶӪO欻ݭnjq Q C𤥸aCW鳾㪺 CJ AퟃV~AʲӦǡA̤p骽|2̥kA@ ӶAHQI_ӶߡQH 鬰ߡASC j egƦCAMǡA ~AὫ[ơC Q V`I_FaA S YCᒏӸΦbڰ o{@BAöQC
qo쪺媫 AiHퟋ ~cuءC IuѤUjzݫ}쨣 A\hCH즹笰F RjML`AHί}aäj۵MaӪcGCO_ӶӪ
, j椶q QH , ퟂH] , Ψϼ HIFۤvaO ?
1900驦~Ӳ`IbFU䪺 Qo{ , ҳгy @NO1500 ~C@tCѤ|
, ⤧|פbi , u楦ݼ ho{ , ퟖH̥h}Ѫdj|C
ϤQK : pӧ
ӷ :
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_ Foreign Devils on the Silk Road
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